Beyond the Libet Clock: Modality Variants for Agency Measurements
summary
The paper replaces the visual Libet clock with auditory and haptic timing and reports comparable intentional binding across modalities: ~80 ms total binding with no significant difference in action, outcome, or total binding between visual, audio and haptic conditions. Methods use a timed auditory consonant stream (audio alphabet, 250 ms per item) and a rotating brush motor providing tactile location reports (brush motor haptic clock). Audio and haptic timings raise subjective arousal/engagement versus the Libet clock (n=16 and n=18).
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