Entering the Exponential Age
summary
Biotechnology already looks like an industrial force rather than a promise: measured 2021 revenue hits $550 billion revenue and expands at 20% annual growth, with roughly 16–20% of US chemical sales displaced by bio-based products. DNA sequencing costs fall from about $1 billion to around human genome ≈ $100 and sequencing keeps improving while synthesis lags, creating a bottleneck for DNA data storage and mass biomanufacturing; meanwhile solar and new perovskite cells push electricity costs down, enabling electrified, modular biofactories.
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