Evolution in Fluctuating Environments

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Microfluidic mother machine modification grows small E. coli populations (10–60 cells) with second-scale nutrient switching and fluorescent reporters; experiments show a surprising phenotypic memory: lac proteins persist across ~4–10 generations so cells avoid lag when sugars flip on 4‑hour cycles, and a separate brief‑pulse response memory lasts ~40 minutes. Lineage trees and theory predict optimal lineage statistics and use the measured lineage fitness variance to distinguish physiological response versus selection under antibiotic pulses.

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" chapters (12)

1. 0:00Intro
2. 4:29Bacterial Growth on Different Sugars
3. 10:19Molecular Basis of Phenotypic Memory
4. 14:10Response Memory under Fast Fluctuations
5. 15:17Molecular Basis of Response Memory
6. 20:46Branching Process of Cell Division
7. 22:21Case 1: A lineage in isolation
8. 27:17Lineages Under Fluctuating Antibiotics
9. 30:33Slow growth is protective in microbes
10. 34:15Example: A two-phenotype switching model
11. 36:11Can we distinguish responses from selection?
12. 41:05Dynamics with an Engineered Stochastic Switch